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ON THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT TERMS VIETNAMESE
ON THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT TERMS VIETNAMESE
HOANG VAN HANH
1. In the widely held interpretation, the term is a term used to denote a concept defined in the system of concepts of a given science. The whole system of the terms of the science of language term capital.
Generally speaking, the term can be found in Vietnamese, as well as in languages other developed formed by three basic paths are: 1) Art
terms of ordinary language, 2) composed of terms corresponding to the foreign terms by means of simulation and 3) the term borrowed foreign resources (usually those terms are international) [1] . The consequence of the process, or method is to form three layers of terms with different characteristics in morphology and semantics in terms of capital in Vietnamese. They are: 1) pure Vietnamese terminology class, 2) simulation class and third term) class international terms.
To be able to properly handle the issues set out in the consistency and standardization of terminology now, suppose that go into the details of the cognitive nature of the road formation and characteristics of the medium term if the class is necessary and useful.
2. Term path of the common phrases used path is actually permitted to move from semantic to the term. Semantic transference but rather subtle and complex, but can be provided in two forms: forms of transference does not lead to the transfer means and forms of transference to translate.
The first form can be found in some pretty big words, often from the capital base
version, as people, trees, grass, gold, stone, square, circle, etc. .. At these words, in the consciousness of native speakers, the boundary between common sense and the term is not always clear. It seems like common sense (ie root) and the term (also the original meaning) is basically identical, or identical. Thus, the dictionary often face a learning problem is to explain the meaning of these words by way of "philology" or exit "encyclopedic"? (L. V. Sherba, 1958, tr.
68; Bui Khac Vietnam, 1970, tr. 19).
"Line" in mathematics is "the way (or distance) between two points short," but the common wisdom is that "air deviation to the left or right." This example shows that taking into account the interpretation and understanding language in the encyclopedia that has a certain degree difference. That the difference can be large or small depends very much on the level of development of science degree to understand
know the people of the world around them. Indeed, we can only know
peanut roots in the results, which are roots of banana roots body, the light of biology. The words in question, the term is a concept defined things. That concept is defined, as it includes, or rather reflects the nature of most properties, necessary and sufficient to distinguish these things to other things.
Meanwhile, the philological sense, or common sense, but also represents the concept, but the properties of the material is reflected not always be the basic attributes. Proof is for ordinary people, "Red Eye" is a characteristic property of the individual runs, so a new way of comparing "red ankle running"! But the scientific concept of individual runs, the property was not worth what is significant, because it is not the attribute nature!
Due to different perceptions about the value of the properties of the material that the choice of criteria for classification are different things. In common understanding, whales are listed as species, but in understanding science, whales are not fish, but mammals. Therefore, we can say, that the term is determined that the nature
in a defined system. Once beyond the system or when changing the system, doomed to repeat the terms that define a new meaning. Coal is a word
so when understood in the sense used in the ash and coal in the stove, and the meaning of the term in the coal mines (mining), charcoal drawing, (painting) and coal fever (medicine), etc. .. In determining the contents of the concept expressed by the term, one can see the difference not only between schools, but even among the scientists in the same school together. That is natural, common sense in the life sciences. And sometimes the difference is the enzyme that stimulates lively debate to clarify the truth, promote scientific step forward.
In summary, the pattern has considered semantic transference is essentially the transference of a range of applications that, often the original meaning, the basic meaning of words from the field
to other areas, with perspectives from different angles. Therefore, in the form of transference of meaning, the regularity of the process of terminology are often very faint. And that is the usual meaning of the term, there is no clearly separated.
The rules may only visible Monday in the form of transference of meaning to the term from ordinary language, the transference was raised from the definition of derivative. For example, no inherent meaning "in the state has enough food to satisfy the" hunger ", ss. no food, no hungry eyes ... From that base, the basic meaning of this, it is used with
switch to say that the chemicals "in the state have incorporated enough, no longer free to chemotherapy combined with other elements", ss. carbur no. In this case, the term serves as a stage of the development process from definition. If you understand
structure is the whole meaning of the word's meaning is within the organic relationship with one another to establish a system, then the term is a part, a component of that system.
Facility to transfer from the definition used, the original meaning to the term, means derivative in this case the relationship is similar or close interrelationship of the properties of the material, process, ... reflected in the concept
concepts expressed by words.
If transference was based on semantic similarity relations, we will mean by the term form of metaphor. Definition of heart inside the boat, the nose of the drill, bow, arrow attack, the left wing, right wing,
landscapes, etc. so.
If transference is based on semantic relations similar approach, we would mean by the term form of metonymy. That is the meaning of the hands of gunmen (ss.ca unit has ten fighters), the head of the average income per capita, etc.
Example of metaphor and transformation are two forms of transference of meaning is the rule clearly
significantly. These are very basic form of the development of word meaning, including meaning of the term. The process of transference of meaning in two forms often occur with regularity. When semantic transference occurred in a group or school from certain words, it is accompanied by the transference of meaning in many of the same school from there in a certain direction. Indeed, black and white was followed by another in the same direction as the term transference to the whitelist and blacklist. Also, when red, green and yellow are used with the term in music, music music red and green, or red in the Assembly, the union Yellow, etc.
Need further commented that the general morphology of the pure Vietnamese term has nothing special compared to the morphology of the common phrases. The only sign of significant help much for the recognition of words having the term that characterizes the appearance of its cycle exit, which is characteristic of its possible combinations with
certain words. Of course, this feature can only express our opposition to the cycle of scenes from the term used to cycle the context of
from being used with common sense; such as flow in men runs in comparison with water, fast flowing rivers; standing in men stand in comparison with stand, sit, stand, ... In our opinion, the relationship between semantics and grammar of the case in question is very noticeable.
3. The term structure by the method of simulation is in fact used the factor structure and model translation from Vietnamese to the corresponding terms in foreign languages. For example, beetles in the deep beetle is the simulation of coleoptere in which the wings correspond to - ptere, while the corresponding hard coleo -.
Also, a gas is simulation of the corps gazeux gazoobraznoje Telo or gaseous body of which may correspond to corps, body and Telo, while the corresponding gazeux gas, gaseous and gazoobraznoje. A common feature of the terms
are considered to be the nation (or the native language; x. Nguyen Nhu Y, 1972) morphology and cosmopolitan semantics. Because, if only in form, it can be seen these terms are new terms created in Vietnamese, a Vietnamese term. But in terms of semantics, that is conceptually because the term indicates, they may treat them as international terms. Because the expression pattern of one's language, we call the terms generated by such methods is the term
simulation. It is the result of a fusion, the national unity and international terms. Science concepts by the term denotes a common achievement of human wisdom. Say "translation" or "loan means" is said by
habits with more or less understand how to assess the nature only. Already a success
Overall, the course will no longer own one. And so everyone has the responsibility to preserve and foster it, making it a more abundant. Also everyone has the right to exploit, use and inheritance, or "inherited" it's a legitimate way.
Of course, when shown the general scientific concepts, each nation will follow its own way. In particular he expressed in the use of elements and methods from the inherent structure of each language. Therefore, to identify specific
characteristics of the term simulation, to go into detail in the analysis of characteristics of elements and patterns that make up the terminology was.
In Vietnamese, the participation factor structure of the terms in question are all factors that, ie the factors that shape the way investment, as calculated, may,
half (sales), chemicals, etc. ..
The origin, these factors may be pure Vietnamese as two pair, double, double, ... may be the Han, such as binary, bi, song, ... The role of these elements in the structure Han
created in Vietnamese as well as in Japanese, Korean, ... reminds us to think
similar role of the Latin root element in the language of India - Europe, like dy (II) in the dyadic system (English), or Systeme dyadique (France: binary); iso (equality, co) in isothermal system (UK) or Systeme isotherme (France: isothermal system).
Morphologically, we can see the elements in question have the following main characteristics
Here:
a) Ability to operate as independent units / not independent at different levels. There are units capable of operating independently and clearly has the single-syllable words such as, for example machine, the, power, ... Some units are not capable of operating independently, but can incorporate as limited as the suffix, such as: in industrialized goods, design of thermometers, level of equality, etc. .. Tuesday the number of units are intermediate units between the two just mentioned, ie the unit which in this context, it is used independently, but in other circumstances be used restraint, ss. have learned in school and learning in chemistry, theory, etc. .. Due to this, but in the Vietnamese language learning, as well as in the study of Oriental languages, there is quite a lively discussion of the concept of "from - the position," the concept of "trafficking element" (VM Solncev, 1960) and phenomenon known as "the other voice grade" (Nguyen Van Master, 1980).
b) the distribution of positions and have different roles in the structure of the term. First of all, to distinguish those factors that can keep a central role for these factors play a role in the periphery of the term structure. The central element is the element capable of independent operation, ie in the repulsive force, traction, power in, power out; strength in traction, horsepower. The peripheral elements are also the factors are not independent activities, including:
- What are the factors facing professionals, such as self-in automatic, spontaneous, self-awareness, self
criticism;
- There are specialized factors behind, as in the phonemes, from the position, the position, that position; e
the atomic operators, etc.
- What are the factors likely to face Vo, Vo may be behind the case, ie, of partisanship, the people, the working class, etc.
In some cases, the location of the unit is considered not only works as their provisions are a central element or peripheral, but also work to determine the nature of the genre of the term, ss . socialism (noun phrase) and socialist (the language), liberals and libertarian, etc.
c) production of Health of the elements in question are not equal, and there are some significant factors that produce significant power. Thus we can create a series of terms according to certain models, makes the Vietnamese term is systemic rather tight. May provide that the term simulation of two models in Vietnamese
The basic form is: xy and yx where x is the factor corresponding to the base element, and y is the factor corresponding to the suffix in the term foreign language. For example:
sync> sync (synchronism, synchronisme), (synchronic, (yx)
synchrone) sync (synchronize, synchroniser) (xy)
> The sync (synchronization, Synchronisation) (yxy)
Join formed the xy term in the model can include factors such as: x
chemical, x study, review x, x expression, x Next, x position, x E, x factor, etc. .. As the factors involved in the term structure model yx is the x, free x, super x, machine x, x, the x, but x, depth x, II x, and x, class x, wealth x, non-x, semi / half x, etc.
Should remark that the activities of the two models above may interact and inter-cage together, creating rich possibilities in terms of structure, style: automation> automation (xy)> semi automatic (yxy); Vietnam> Vietnam
of (xy)> of non-Vietnam (xyx); proletarian> proletariat of (xy)> of non-proletarian (yxy), etc. .. The term structure model is yxy the second derivative term.
On the other hand, the Vietnamese now, that tends to see the party (in x), but
party is not the (x calculation) is standard. Also, the head rather than head office, and not vice chief deputy, but the president and vice president, not vice-hospital and hospital chief deputy hayvien is standard. That trend is remarkable when you choose to use the model needed to construct a new term.
In terms of semantics, the units in question have the following characteristics:
a) Firstly, it should be noted that the meaning of large numbers of units are considered as vocabulary definitions - grammar, because it represents the concept of the very general category, eg, the, the, the, elements, chemistry; etc. .. Because of this characteristic that the units are considered valuable
special treatment in terms of categories.
Indeed, there are elements of the language of the term professional, nhuhoa in oxidized,
tropical goods, green goods, hats customized.
There are specialized elements of the language terms, such as copper in the same form, and
negative, meaning the same shape, non of non-sense, non-proletarian, non-military, non-class, ...
There are elements of the term professional noun phrase, as in self-exposure, the chemical system, the existing facilities; allow the permitted sum, sum, dialectics, etc.
b) Do the elements in question represents the general concept, the nature of
category, and have different backgrounds so they usually take place between the "conflicting means." The conflict means that this is the inevitable consequence of the contact language, when the elements of language into another language (called interference: Interference), which in his language which usually has similar elements. For example, Han modern elements into Vietnamese, when the Vietnamese had to, great. And the university with big, big inevitably synonymous with conflict. The result of semantic conflicts are:
- Alien element that can replace the pure Vietnamese factors, such as head instead of bare
or vice versa.
- Exotic elements and pure Vietnamese elements can exist in parallel and the distribution of meaning and scope of use; eg sovoi cold welding, fire against fire, with significant distribution in the range used: one side is the medical term, aside from commonly used in everyday life.
When the term structure of the simulation, the selected element or elements pure Vietnamese Han in the group means become a critical issue. In
this, the terminology often applied at the same time how to smoothly vary the rules, sometimes contradictory, to make terms both accurate and systematic, but briefly . Want your system, it corresponds to an element in terms of foreign, should try to choose
Using a consistent element in the Vietnamese to create a series of corresponding terms: for example against the corresponding anti - in moisture, prevent rotation, anti-interference, anti-Touch, anti-bacterial, anti-tank, etc.. . "But we also need to consider carefully the circumstances may affect the accuracy of
created the term "(The resolution, 1983). Therefore, the resistance of antibiotics, response in scientific side, the room in the room, explain the detoxification is also used corresponds to anti - The base should be relied on to consider, choices
selected in the case in question are: 1) ability to represent the concept of elements Vietnamese Han or distributed in any scope (because it shows the distribution of different features subtle means between the elements, but the differences that will inevitably lead to differences in meaning between the terms because they are created). Compare: air defense, as opposed to no, the other with poison poison prevention, etc. .. If not carefully considered it can not guarantee
accuracy of the term, and many of them detrimental to both its computer system. For example, if the use animals rather be in solid form, while using a gas, liquid, the term is clearly not a solid guarantee both the integrity requirements
identified as requirements on the system. 2) the combination of these factors are
consideration to other elements of the unit has a tight structure, both convenient for use in the text. For example, a thermometer, viscometer, hygrometers have tighter structure temperature gauges, oil gauges, humidity gauges.
4. Indeed, the same can be said the way the terms of the common phrases and the way the term structure by means of translation, or two-way simulation is built on the basis of the term capital in Vietnamese. When not or do not find
term ability of the common phrases and terminology structure simulations, the scientists find the third way: the path to receive a foreign term.
For a long time, because the historical conditions of cultural exchange regulations
, special reception on terminology commonly adopted Vietnamese Chinese. It is almost natural, and also the most convenient, because the Vietnamese and Chinese are the languages of the same type and have relations from a long exposure. And in fact there are many terms Han, Han was read as negative - Vietnam, especially in terms of political and philosophical, went to the Vietnamese capital as factors such as stability and co- goods at different levels. For example: quantity, quality, ethnicity, democracy, independence, freedom, etc.. How to borrow a term foreign intermediaries sometimes massively so sometimes sparse, and almost an ongoing process throughout the course of history of the Vietnamese. To date, the process was still ongoing.
However, in recent few decades, when the Vietnamese language has become a development, have full play of its social function and is used in all fields of social life; when the cultural exchange is no longer framed in an area that has expanded the international scope, it emerged that two trends are noticeable in the adoption of foreign terms. They are:
a) tend to use terms formed by element instead of the term Vietnamese Han in a series of cases, when conditions allow. For example: aircraft, airport, aircraft, missiles, air space, waters, etc.. instead of non-
muscle, airports, aircraft carriers, gardens, airspace, territorial waters, etc. ..
b) tend to get more directly from the term Indo-European languages, not
through intermediaries is Chinese, including some cases had original terms
Han, respectively. For example: acid (ss. voicuong whole), vitamin (ss. with vitamins).
Need reviews that tend to get the terminology straight Indo-European origin is particularly strong in recent times, especially in the natural sciences, like chemistry, geology and medicine. Let's take some examples: tantal (tantalum, tantale), tantalat (tantalate), tartrate (tartrate), Thali (thalium), Thein (theine, theine) ...
Characteristic of the term class in question is highly cosmopolitan, both semantically and morphologically. So the term can call this class is the class of international terms.
When the term structure derivatives, the term Indo-European origin often has the
as the form factors are used as base. We have the ability to combine with other elements and pure Vietnamese Han to create compound terms, such as: ion theory, the oxidative ...
Thus, in terms of origin, can be seen in the actual factors involved in the term structure of Vietnamese have not just two, but three types: pure Vietnamese elements, factors and factor Han Indo-European origin. If you use the symbol V to indicate factors
Vietnam Net, the symbol H to refer to Han and element symbol A to refer to the original Indo-European elements,
the theory, the coupling terms will have the following form:
V - V H - H A - A V - H - AV - H H - V A - V H - V - A
V - A H - A A - H H - A - V A - H - V
A - V - V H - A - H
From these patterns, may provide that the term pair into two categories:
1) The term net transplantation, including transplant pure Vietnamese term (V - V) as tractors, sewing machines, refrigerators ,...; Han pure compound term (H - H), such as atomic , electronics, triggers, dichotomous; term Indo-European pure compound (A - A), as hidrur titanium (titanium hydride, hydrure de titane), titanil sulfate (titanyl sulphate, sulfate de
titanyle) carbur titanium (titanium carbide, carbure de titane);
2) The term hybrid, including:
V - H, ie grades, vocabulary, ...
V - A, ie the way sin (sinusoid, sinusoide, sinusoida)
H - V, ie, closed system (closed system, Systeme Ferme, zamknutaja Sistema);
flow rate (flowability (meters Plast) fluidite, tekuchest).
H - A, ie, electron theory (electronic theory, Theorie Electronique elektronnaja teorija), molar heat capacity (molar heat capacisy, chaleur molaire, moljarnaja teplojomekost).
A - H, ie, radioactive thorium (radiothorium, radiothorium, radiotorij).
H - A - H, ie of the telomeres, the thermal polymers, etc.
5. From the outline above can be found:
Terms of the Vietnamese capital, as well as any other language, always include a component of native and exotic parts. And in the
the formation and development of the term always see two trends, see the
seem contradictory, but in fact there are dialectical relationship to each other: the trend and trend of native internationalization. If aware of a deep-sided and not these facts are unavoidable mistakes in policy and perspective in science.
Cao Minh Anh @ 00:32 11/07/2011
Số lượt xem: 1319
HOANG VAN HANH
1. In the widely held interpretation, the term is a term used to denote a concept defined in the system of concepts of a given science. The whole system of the terms of the science of language term capital.
Generally speaking, the term can be found in Vietnamese, as well as in languages other developed formed by three basic paths are: 1) Art
terms of ordinary language, 2) composed of terms corresponding to the foreign terms by means of simulation and 3) the term borrowed foreign resources (usually those terms are international) [1] . The consequence of the process, or method is to form three layers of terms with different characteristics in morphology and semantics in terms of capital in Vietnamese. They are: 1) pure Vietnamese terminology class, 2) simulation class and third term) class international terms.
To be able to properly handle the issues set out in the consistency and standardization of terminology now, suppose that go into the details of the cognitive nature of the road formation and characteristics of the medium term if the class is necessary and useful.
2. Term path of the common phrases used path is actually permitted to move from semantic to the term. Semantic transference but rather subtle and complex, but can be provided in two forms: forms of transference does not lead to the transfer means and forms of transference to translate.
The first form can be found in some pretty big words, often from the capital base
version, as people, trees, grass, gold, stone, square, circle, etc. .. At these words, in the consciousness of native speakers, the boundary between common sense and the term is not always clear. It seems like common sense (ie root) and the term (also the original meaning) is basically identical, or identical. Thus, the dictionary often face a learning problem is to explain the meaning of these words by way of "philology" or exit "encyclopedic"? (L. V. Sherba, 1958, tr.
68; Bui Khac Vietnam, 1970, tr. 19).
"Line" in mathematics is "the way (or distance) between two points short," but the common wisdom is that "air deviation to the left or right." This example shows that taking into account the interpretation and understanding language in the encyclopedia that has a certain degree difference. That the difference can be large or small depends very much on the level of development of science degree to understand
know the people of the world around them. Indeed, we can only know
peanut roots in the results, which are roots of banana roots body, the light of biology. The words in question, the term is a concept defined things. That concept is defined, as it includes, or rather reflects the nature of most properties, necessary and sufficient to distinguish these things to other things.
Meanwhile, the philological sense, or common sense, but also represents the concept, but the properties of the material is reflected not always be the basic attributes. Proof is for ordinary people, "Red Eye" is a characteristic property of the individual runs, so a new way of comparing "red ankle running"! But the scientific concept of individual runs, the property was not worth what is significant, because it is not the attribute nature!
Due to different perceptions about the value of the properties of the material that the choice of criteria for classification are different things. In common understanding, whales are listed as species, but in understanding science, whales are not fish, but mammals. Therefore, we can say, that the term is determined that the nature
in a defined system. Once beyond the system or when changing the system, doomed to repeat the terms that define a new meaning. Coal is a word
so when understood in the sense used in the ash and coal in the stove, and the meaning of the term in the coal mines (mining), charcoal drawing, (painting) and coal fever (medicine), etc. .. In determining the contents of the concept expressed by the term, one can see the difference not only between schools, but even among the scientists in the same school together. That is natural, common sense in the life sciences. And sometimes the difference is the enzyme that stimulates lively debate to clarify the truth, promote scientific step forward.
In summary, the pattern has considered semantic transference is essentially the transference of a range of applications that, often the original meaning, the basic meaning of words from the field
to other areas, with perspectives from different angles. Therefore, in the form of transference of meaning, the regularity of the process of terminology are often very faint. And that is the usual meaning of the term, there is no clearly separated.
The rules may only visible Monday in the form of transference of meaning to the term from ordinary language, the transference was raised from the definition of derivative. For example, no inherent meaning "in the state has enough food to satisfy the" hunger ", ss. no food, no hungry eyes ... From that base, the basic meaning of this, it is used with
switch to say that the chemicals "in the state have incorporated enough, no longer free to chemotherapy combined with other elements", ss. carbur no. In this case, the term serves as a stage of the development process from definition. If you understand
structure is the whole meaning of the word's meaning is within the organic relationship with one another to establish a system, then the term is a part, a component of that system.
Facility to transfer from the definition used, the original meaning to the term, means derivative in this case the relationship is similar or close interrelationship of the properties of the material, process, ... reflected in the concept
concepts expressed by words.
If transference was based on semantic similarity relations, we will mean by the term form of metaphor. Definition of heart inside the boat, the nose of the drill, bow, arrow attack, the left wing, right wing,
landscapes, etc. so.
If transference is based on semantic relations similar approach, we would mean by the term form of metonymy. That is the meaning of the hands of gunmen (ss.ca unit has ten fighters), the head of the average income per capita, etc.
Example of metaphor and transformation are two forms of transference of meaning is the rule clearly
significantly. These are very basic form of the development of word meaning, including meaning of the term. The process of transference of meaning in two forms often occur with regularity. When semantic transference occurred in a group or school from certain words, it is accompanied by the transference of meaning in many of the same school from there in a certain direction. Indeed, black and white was followed by another in the same direction as the term transference to the whitelist and blacklist. Also, when red, green and yellow are used with the term in music, music music red and green, or red in the Assembly, the union Yellow, etc.
Need further commented that the general morphology of the pure Vietnamese term has nothing special compared to the morphology of the common phrases. The only sign of significant help much for the recognition of words having the term that characterizes the appearance of its cycle exit, which is characteristic of its possible combinations with
certain words. Of course, this feature can only express our opposition to the cycle of scenes from the term used to cycle the context of
from being used with common sense; such as flow in men runs in comparison with water, fast flowing rivers; standing in men stand in comparison with stand, sit, stand, ... In our opinion, the relationship between semantics and grammar of the case in question is very noticeable.
3. The term structure by the method of simulation is in fact used the factor structure and model translation from Vietnamese to the corresponding terms in foreign languages. For example, beetles in the deep beetle is the simulation of coleoptere in which the wings correspond to - ptere, while the corresponding hard coleo -.
Also, a gas is simulation of the corps gazeux gazoobraznoje Telo or gaseous body of which may correspond to corps, body and Telo, while the corresponding gazeux gas, gaseous and gazoobraznoje. A common feature of the terms
are considered to be the nation (or the native language; x. Nguyen Nhu Y, 1972) morphology and cosmopolitan semantics. Because, if only in form, it can be seen these terms are new terms created in Vietnamese, a Vietnamese term. But in terms of semantics, that is conceptually because the term indicates, they may treat them as international terms. Because the expression pattern of one's language, we call the terms generated by such methods is the term
simulation. It is the result of a fusion, the national unity and international terms. Science concepts by the term denotes a common achievement of human wisdom. Say "translation" or "loan means" is said by
habits with more or less understand how to assess the nature only. Already a success
Overall, the course will no longer own one. And so everyone has the responsibility to preserve and foster it, making it a more abundant. Also everyone has the right to exploit, use and inheritance, or "inherited" it's a legitimate way.
Of course, when shown the general scientific concepts, each nation will follow its own way. In particular he expressed in the use of elements and methods from the inherent structure of each language. Therefore, to identify specific
characteristics of the term simulation, to go into detail in the analysis of characteristics of elements and patterns that make up the terminology was.
In Vietnamese, the participation factor structure of the terms in question are all factors that, ie the factors that shape the way investment, as calculated, may,
half (sales), chemicals, etc. ..
The origin, these factors may be pure Vietnamese as two pair, double, double, ... may be the Han, such as binary, bi, song, ... The role of these elements in the structure Han
created in Vietnamese as well as in Japanese, Korean, ... reminds us to think
similar role of the Latin root element in the language of India - Europe, like dy (II) in the dyadic system (English), or Systeme dyadique (France: binary); iso (equality, co) in isothermal system (UK) or Systeme isotherme (France: isothermal system).
Morphologically, we can see the elements in question have the following main characteristics
Here:
a) Ability to operate as independent units / not independent at different levels. There are units capable of operating independently and clearly has the single-syllable words such as, for example machine, the, power, ... Some units are not capable of operating independently, but can incorporate as limited as the suffix, such as: in industrialized goods, design of thermometers, level of equality, etc. .. Tuesday the number of units are intermediate units between the two just mentioned, ie the unit which in this context, it is used independently, but in other circumstances be used restraint, ss. have learned in school and learning in chemistry, theory, etc. .. Due to this, but in the Vietnamese language learning, as well as in the study of Oriental languages, there is quite a lively discussion of the concept of "from - the position," the concept of "trafficking element" (VM Solncev, 1960) and phenomenon known as "the other voice grade" (Nguyen Van Master, 1980).
b) the distribution of positions and have different roles in the structure of the term. First of all, to distinguish those factors that can keep a central role for these factors play a role in the periphery of the term structure. The central element is the element capable of independent operation, ie in the repulsive force, traction, power in, power out; strength in traction, horsepower. The peripheral elements are also the factors are not independent activities, including:
- What are the factors facing professionals, such as self-in automatic, spontaneous, self-awareness, self
criticism;
- There are specialized factors behind, as in the phonemes, from the position, the position, that position; e
the atomic operators, etc.
- What are the factors likely to face Vo, Vo may be behind the case, ie, of partisanship, the people, the working class, etc.
In some cases, the location of the unit is considered not only works as their provisions are a central element or peripheral, but also work to determine the nature of the genre of the term, ss . socialism (noun phrase) and socialist (the language), liberals and libertarian, etc.
c) production of Health of the elements in question are not equal, and there are some significant factors that produce significant power. Thus we can create a series of terms according to certain models, makes the Vietnamese term is systemic rather tight. May provide that the term simulation of two models in Vietnamese
The basic form is: xy and yx where x is the factor corresponding to the base element, and y is the factor corresponding to the suffix in the term foreign language. For example:
sync> sync (synchronism, synchronisme), (synchronic, (yx)
synchrone) sync (synchronize, synchroniser) (xy)
> The sync (synchronization, Synchronisation) (yxy)
Join formed the xy term in the model can include factors such as: x
chemical, x study, review x, x expression, x Next, x position, x E, x factor, etc. .. As the factors involved in the term structure model yx is the x, free x, super x, machine x, x, the x, but x, depth x, II x, and x, class x, wealth x, non-x, semi / half x, etc.
Should remark that the activities of the two models above may interact and inter-cage together, creating rich possibilities in terms of structure, style: automation> automation (xy)> semi automatic (yxy); Vietnam> Vietnam
of (xy)> of non-Vietnam (xyx); proletarian> proletariat of (xy)> of non-proletarian (yxy), etc. .. The term structure model is yxy the second derivative term.
On the other hand, the Vietnamese now, that tends to see the party (in x), but
party is not the (x calculation) is standard. Also, the head rather than head office, and not vice chief deputy, but the president and vice president, not vice-hospital and hospital chief deputy hayvien is standard. That trend is remarkable when you choose to use the model needed to construct a new term.
In terms of semantics, the units in question have the following characteristics:
a) Firstly, it should be noted that the meaning of large numbers of units are considered as vocabulary definitions - grammar, because it represents the concept of the very general category, eg, the, the, the, elements, chemistry; etc. .. Because of this characteristic that the units are considered valuable
special treatment in terms of categories.
Indeed, there are elements of the language of the term professional, nhuhoa in oxidized,
tropical goods, green goods, hats customized.
There are specialized elements of the language terms, such as copper in the same form, and
negative, meaning the same shape, non of non-sense, non-proletarian, non-military, non-class, ...
There are elements of the term professional noun phrase, as in self-exposure, the chemical system, the existing facilities; allow the permitted sum, sum, dialectics, etc.
b) Do the elements in question represents the general concept, the nature of
category, and have different backgrounds so they usually take place between the "conflicting means." The conflict means that this is the inevitable consequence of the contact language, when the elements of language into another language (called interference: Interference), which in his language which usually has similar elements. For example, Han modern elements into Vietnamese, when the Vietnamese had to, great. And the university with big, big inevitably synonymous with conflict. The result of semantic conflicts are:
- Alien element that can replace the pure Vietnamese factors, such as head instead of bare
or vice versa.
- Exotic elements and pure Vietnamese elements can exist in parallel and the distribution of meaning and scope of use; eg sovoi cold welding, fire against fire, with significant distribution in the range used: one side is the medical term, aside from commonly used in everyday life.
When the term structure of the simulation, the selected element or elements pure Vietnamese Han in the group means become a critical issue. In
this, the terminology often applied at the same time how to smoothly vary the rules, sometimes contradictory, to make terms both accurate and systematic, but briefly . Want your system, it corresponds to an element in terms of foreign, should try to choose
Using a consistent element in the Vietnamese to create a series of corresponding terms: for example against the corresponding anti - in moisture, prevent rotation, anti-interference, anti-Touch, anti-bacterial, anti-tank, etc.. . "But we also need to consider carefully the circumstances may affect the accuracy of
created the term "(The resolution, 1983). Therefore, the resistance of antibiotics, response in scientific side, the room in the room, explain the detoxification is also used corresponds to anti - The base should be relied on to consider, choices
selected in the case in question are: 1) ability to represent the concept of elements Vietnamese Han or distributed in any scope (because it shows the distribution of different features subtle means between the elements, but the differences that will inevitably lead to differences in meaning between the terms because they are created). Compare: air defense, as opposed to no, the other with poison poison prevention, etc. .. If not carefully considered it can not guarantee
accuracy of the term, and many of them detrimental to both its computer system. For example, if the use animals rather be in solid form, while using a gas, liquid, the term is clearly not a solid guarantee both the integrity requirements
identified as requirements on the system. 2) the combination of these factors are
consideration to other elements of the unit has a tight structure, both convenient for use in the text. For example, a thermometer, viscometer, hygrometers have tighter structure temperature gauges, oil gauges, humidity gauges.
4. Indeed, the same can be said the way the terms of the common phrases and the way the term structure by means of translation, or two-way simulation is built on the basis of the term capital in Vietnamese. When not or do not find
term ability of the common phrases and terminology structure simulations, the scientists find the third way: the path to receive a foreign term.
For a long time, because the historical conditions of cultural exchange regulations
, special reception on terminology commonly adopted Vietnamese Chinese. It is almost natural, and also the most convenient, because the Vietnamese and Chinese are the languages of the same type and have relations from a long exposure. And in fact there are many terms Han, Han was read as negative - Vietnam, especially in terms of political and philosophical, went to the Vietnamese capital as factors such as stability and co- goods at different levels. For example: quantity, quality, ethnicity, democracy, independence, freedom, etc.. How to borrow a term foreign intermediaries sometimes massively so sometimes sparse, and almost an ongoing process throughout the course of history of the Vietnamese. To date, the process was still ongoing.
However, in recent few decades, when the Vietnamese language has become a development, have full play of its social function and is used in all fields of social life; when the cultural exchange is no longer framed in an area that has expanded the international scope, it emerged that two trends are noticeable in the adoption of foreign terms. They are:
a) tend to use terms formed by element instead of the term Vietnamese Han in a series of cases, when conditions allow. For example: aircraft, airport, aircraft, missiles, air space, waters, etc.. instead of non-
muscle, airports, aircraft carriers, gardens, airspace, territorial waters, etc. ..
b) tend to get more directly from the term Indo-European languages, not
through intermediaries is Chinese, including some cases had original terms
Han, respectively. For example: acid (ss. voicuong whole), vitamin (ss. with vitamins).
Need reviews that tend to get the terminology straight Indo-European origin is particularly strong in recent times, especially in the natural sciences, like chemistry, geology and medicine. Let's take some examples: tantal (tantalum, tantale), tantalat (tantalate), tartrate (tartrate), Thali (thalium), Thein (theine, theine) ...
Characteristic of the term class in question is highly cosmopolitan, both semantically and morphologically. So the term can call this class is the class of international terms.
When the term structure derivatives, the term Indo-European origin often has the
as the form factors are used as base. We have the ability to combine with other elements and pure Vietnamese Han to create compound terms, such as: ion theory, the oxidative ...
Thus, in terms of origin, can be seen in the actual factors involved in the term structure of Vietnamese have not just two, but three types: pure Vietnamese elements, factors and factor Han Indo-European origin. If you use the symbol V to indicate factors
Vietnam Net, the symbol H to refer to Han and element symbol A to refer to the original Indo-European elements,
the theory, the coupling terms will have the following form:
V - V H - H A - A V - H - AV - H H - V A - V H - V - A
V - A H - A A - H H - A - V A - H - V
A - V - V H - A - H
From these patterns, may provide that the term pair into two categories:
1) The term net transplantation, including transplant pure Vietnamese term (V - V) as tractors, sewing machines, refrigerators ,...; Han pure compound term (H - H), such as atomic , electronics, triggers, dichotomous; term Indo-European pure compound (A - A), as hidrur titanium (titanium hydride, hydrure de titane), titanil sulfate (titanyl sulphate, sulfate de
titanyle) carbur titanium (titanium carbide, carbure de titane);
2) The term hybrid, including:
V - H, ie grades, vocabulary, ...
V - A, ie the way sin (sinusoid, sinusoide, sinusoida)
H - V, ie, closed system (closed system, Systeme Ferme, zamknutaja Sistema);
flow rate (flowability (meters Plast) fluidite, tekuchest).
H - A, ie, electron theory (electronic theory, Theorie Electronique elektronnaja teorija), molar heat capacity (molar heat capacisy, chaleur molaire, moljarnaja teplojomekost).
A - H, ie, radioactive thorium (radiothorium, radiothorium, radiotorij).
H - A - H, ie of the telomeres, the thermal polymers, etc.
5. From the outline above can be found:
Terms of the Vietnamese capital, as well as any other language, always include a component of native and exotic parts. And in the
the formation and development of the term always see two trends, see the
seem contradictory, but in fact there are dialectical relationship to each other: the trend and trend of native internationalization. If aware of a deep-sided and not these facts are unavoidable mistakes in policy and perspective in science.
Cao Minh Anh @ 00:32 11/07/2011
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